MARADNS(8) MaraDNS reference MARADNS(8)Erre con erre cigarroErre con erre barrilRápido ruedan los carros
En el ferrocarrilNAMEmaradns - DNS server
SYNOPSISmaradns [ -v | -f mararc_file_location ]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This man page has the following sections:
Name
Synopsis
Table of Contents
Description
Usage
Firewall Configuration
Frequently Asked Questions
Bugs
Unimplemented Features
Legal Disclaimer
Authors
DESCRIPTIONmaradns is a DNS server written with security, simplicity, and
performance in mind.
maradns has two forms of arguments, both of which are optional.
The first is the location of a mararc file which MaraDNS obtains all
configuration information from. The default location of this file is
/etc/mararc. This is specified in the form maradns-f
mararc_file_location; mararc_file_location is the location of the
mararc file.
It is also possible to have MaraDNS display the version number and
exit. This is specified by invoking maradns in the form maradns-v or
maradns--version
USAGE
If MaraDNS is functioning only as a recursive nameserver, just one file
needs to be set up: The mararc file.
In order for MaraDNS to function as an authoritative nameserver, two or
more files need to be set up: the mararc file and one or more "csv2"
(or "csv1") zone files.
The format of a csv2 zone file can be obtained from the csv2(5) manual
page. The configuration format of the mararc file can be obtained from
the mararc(5) manual page.
In order to have MaraDNS run as a daemon, the duende program is used to
daemonize MaraDNS. See the duende(8) manual page for details.
FIREWALL CONFIGURATION
If MaraDNS is being used as an authoritative nameserver, allow UDP
connections from all hosts on the internet to UDP port 53 for the IP
that the authoritative nameserver uses.
If MaraDNS is being used as a recursive nameserver, the firewall needs
to allow the following packets to go to and from the IP the recursive
nameserver uses:
* Allow UDP connections from the MaraDNS-running server to any machine
on the internet where the UDP destination port is 53
* Allow UDP connections from any machine on the internet to the IP of
the recursive server, where the source port from the remote server is
53, and the destination port is between 15000 and 19095 (inclusive)
* Allow UDP connections from IPs that use MaraDNS as a recursive DNS
server to port 53 of the MaraDNS server
MaraDNS uses a strong secure RNG for both the query (16 bits of
entropy) and the source port of the query (12 bits of entropy). This
makes spoofing replies to a MaraDNS server more difficult, since the
attacker has only a one in 250 million chance that a given spoofed
reply will be considered valid.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
INDEX
1. I'm using an older version of MaraDNS
2. How do I try out MaraDNS?
3. What license is MaraDNS released under?
4. How do I report bugs in MaraDNS?
5. Some of the postings to the mailing list do not talk about
MaraDNS!
6. How do I get off the mailing list?
7. How do I set up reverse DNS on MaraDNS?
8. I am on a slow network, and MaraDNS can not process recursive
queries
9. When I try to run MaraDNS, I get a cryptic error message.
10. After I start MaraDNS, I can not see the process when I run
netstat -na
11. What string library does MaraDNS use?
12. Why does MaraDNS use a multi-threaded model?
13. I feel that XXX feature should be added to MaraDNS
14. I feel that MaraDNS should use another documentation format
15. Is there any process I need to follow to add a patch to
MaraDNS?
16. Can MaraDNS act as a primary nameserver?
17. Can MaraDNS act as a secondary nameserver?
18. What is the difference between an authoritative and a recursive
DNS server?
19. The getzone client isn't allowing me to add certain hostnames
to my zone
20. Is MaraDNS portable?
21. Can I use MaraDNS in Windows?
22. MaraDNS freezes up after being used for a while
23. What kind of Python integration does MaraDNS have
24. Doesn't "kvar" mean "four" in Esperanto?
25. How scalable is MaraDNS?
26. I am having problems setting upstream_servers
27. Why doesn't the MaraDNS.org web page validate?
28. How do MX records work?
29. Does MaraDNS have support for SPF?
30. I'm having problems resolving CNAMES I have set up.
31. I have a NS delegation, and MaraDNS is doing strange things.
32. I am transferring a zone from another server, but the NS
records are these strange "synth-ip" records.
33. Where is the root.hints file?
34. Are there any plans to use autoconf to build MaraDNS?
35. How do I change the compiler or compile-time flags with
MaraDNS' build process?
36. Will you make a package for the particular Linux distribution I
am using?
37. I am using the native Windows port of MaraDNS, and some
features are not working.
38. MaraDNS isn't starting up
39. You make a lot of releases of MaraDNS; at our ISP/IT
department, updating software is non-trivial.
40. I have star records in my zones, and am having problems with
NXDOMAINs/IPV6 resolution
41. I have a zone with only SOA/NS records, and the zone is not
working.
42. I am having problems registering my domain with AFNIC (the
registrar for .fr domains)
43. I can't see the full answers for subdomains I have delegated
44. MaraDNS 1 has a problem resolving a domain
45. MaraDNS 1.2 has issues with NXDOMAINS and case sensitivity.
46. Can MaraDNS offer protection from phishing and malicious sites?
47. Does maradns support star (wildcard) records?
48. I'm having problems using MaraDNS with some *NIX command line
applications like telnet
49. My virus scanner reports that MaraDNS or Deadwood has a virus
50. I can not subscribe to the MaraDNS mailing list
51. How does MaraDNS respond to EDNS (RFC2671) packets?
52. How to I get MaraDNS to always give the same IP to all DNS
queries?
ANSWERS
1. I'm using an older version of MaraDNS
Upgrade to MaraDNS 1.4 or MaraDNS 2.0. MaraDNS 1.4 is compatible with
older versions of MaraDNS, with the relatively few changes need to
upgrade documented.
Use MaraDNS 2.0 if there are any issues using MaraDNS 1.4 to
recursively resolve records (via recursive_acl); the recursive resolver
in MaraDNS 1.4 is deprecated and only critical security issues are
fixed with it. MaraDNS 2.0 uses the separate daemon Deadwood to
recursively resolve records.
MaraDNS 1.0 and 1.2 are only supported for critical security updates,
and will no longer be supported on December 21, 2010. MaraDNS 1.3 is
also only supported for critical security updates, and support will
stop on December 21, 2012. MaraDNS 1.4 and MaraDNS 2.0 are both fully
supported (security and other important bug fixes) for the foreseeable
future.
2. How do I try out MaraDNS?
Read the quick start guide, which is the file named 0QuickStart in the
MaraDNS distribution.
3. What license is MaraDNS released under?
MaraDNS 1.2 is released with the following two-clause BSD-type license:
Copyright (c) 2002-2009 Sam Trenholme and others
TERMS
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
with the distribution.
This software is provided 'as is' with no guarantees of correctness
or fitness for purpose.
4. How do I report bugs in MaraDNS?
Send an email to the MaraDNS mailing list. Details on how to do this
are at http://www.maradns.org/
5. Some of the postings to the mailing list do not talk about MaraDNS!
Topic drift sometimes happens. It's a part of life.
6. How do I get off the mailing list?
Send an email to list-request@maradns.org with "unsubscribe" as the
subject line.
7. How do I set up reverse DNS on MaraDNS?
Reverse DNS (sometimes called "reverse mapping") is set up by using PTR
(pointer) records. For example, the PTR record which performs the
reverse DNS lookup for the ip 10.2.3.4 looks like this in a CSV2 zone
file:
4.3.2.10.in-addr.arpa. PTR www.example.com.
It is also possible to use a special "FQDN4" which automatically sets
up the reverse mapping of a given record:
www.example.com. FQDN4 10.2.3.4
If you wish to have a PTR (reverse DNS lookup; getting a DNS name from
a numeric IP) record work on the internet at large, it is not a simple
matter of just adding a record like this to a MaraDNS zonefile. One
also needs control of the appropriate in-addr.arpa. domain.
While it can make logical sense to contact the IP 10.11.12.13 when
trying to get the reverse DNS lookup (fully qualified domain name) for
a given IP, DNS servers don't do this. DNS server, instead, contact the
root DNS servers for a given in-addr.arpa name to get the reverse DNS
lookup, just like they do with any other record type.
When an internet service provider is given a block of IPs, they are
also given control of the DNS zones which allow them to control reverse
DNS lookups for those IPs. While it is possible to obtain a domain and
run a DNS server without the knowledge or intervention of an ISP, being
able to control reverse DNS lookups for those IPs requires ISP
intervention.
8. I am on a slow network, and Deadwood can not process recursive queries
Deadwood, by default, only waits two seconds for a reply from a remote
DNS server. This default can be increased by adding a line like this in
the mararc file:
timeout_seconds = 5
Note that making this too high will slow MaraDNS down when DNS servers
are down, which is, alas, all too common on today's internet.
9. When I try to run MaraDNS, I get a cryptic error message.
There is usually some context of where there is a syntax error in a
data file before the cryptic error message. For example, when there is
a syntax error in a csv2 zone file, MaraDNS will tell you exactly at
what point it had to terminate parsing of the zone file.
If MaraDNS does return a cryptic error message without letting you know
what is wrong, let us know on the mailing list so that we can fix the
bug. MaraDNS is designed to be easy to use; cryptic error messages go
against this spirit.
10. After I start MaraDNS, I can not see the process when I run netstat
-na
Udp services do not have a prominent "LISTEN" when netstat is run.
When MaraDNS is up, the relevant line in the netstat output looks like
this: udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
While on the topic of netstat, if you run netstat -nap as root on Linux
and some other *nix operating systems, you can see the names of the
processes which are providing internet services.
11. What string library does MaraDNS use?
MaraDNS uses its own string library, which is called the "js_string"
library. Man pages for most of the functions in the js_string library
are in the folder doc/man of the MaraDNS distribution
12. Why does MaraDNS use a multi-threaded model?
MaraDNS 2.0 no longer uses threads.
The multi-threaded model was the simplest way to write a functioning
recursive DNS server for MaraDNS 1.0. There is a reason why MaraDNS,
pdnsd, and BIND 9 all use the multi-threaded model.
It took me nearly three years to rewrite MaraDNS' recursive resolver as
a separate non-threaded daemon. This has been done, and now all
recursion is done with Deadwood which does not need threads.
13. I feel that XXX feature should be added to MaraDNS
There are no plans to add new features to MaraDNS or Deadwood at this
time.
14. I feel that MaraDNS should use another documentation format
The reason that MaraDNS uses its own documentation format is to satisfy
both the needs of translators to have a unified document format and my
own need to use a documentation format that is simple enough to be
readily understood and which I can add features on an as needed basis.
The documentation format is essentially simplified HTML with some
special tags added to meet MaraDNS' special needs.
This gives me more flexibility to adapt the documentation format to
changing needs. For example, when someone pointed out that it's not a
good idea to have man pages with hi-bit characters, it was a simple
matter to add a new HIBIT tag which allows man pages to be without hi-
bit characters, and other document formats to retain hi-bit characters.
Having a given program have its own documentation format is not without
precedent; Perl uses its own "pod" documentation format.
15. Is there any process I need to follow to add a patch to MaraDNS?
Yes.
Here is the procedure for making a proper patch:
* Enter the directory that the file is in, for example
maradns-1.4.01/server
* Copy over the file that you wish to modify to another file name. For
example: cp MaraDNS.c MaraDNS.c.orig
* Edit the file in question, e.g: vi MaraDNS.c
* After editing, do something like this:
diff -u MaraDNS.c.orig MaraDNS.c > maradns.patch
* Make sure the modified version compiles cleanly
Send a patch to the MaraDNS mailing list, along with a statement that
you place the contents of the patch under MaraDNS' BSD license. If I
find that the patch works well, I will integrate it in to MaraDNS.
16. Can MaraDNS act as a primary nameserver?
Yes.
The zoneserver program serves zones so that other DNS servers can be
secondaries for zones which MaraDNS serves. This is a separate program
from the maradns server, which processes authoritative UDP DNS queries,
and Deadwood which processes recursive DNS queries.
See the DNS master document in the MaraDNS tutorial for details.
17. Can MaraDNS act as a secondary nameserver?
Yes.
Please read the DNS slave document, which is part of the MaraDNS
tutorial.
18. What is the difference between an authoritative and a recursive DNS
server?
A recursive DNS server is a DNS server that is able to contact other
DNS servers in order to resolve a given domain name label. This is the
kind of DNS server one points to in /etc/resolve.conf. MaraDNS uses the
Deadwood daemon to process recursive DNS queries.
An authoritative DNS server is a DNS server that a recursive server
contacts in order to find out the answer to a given DNS query. The
maradns daemon processes authoritative DNS queries.
19. The fetchzone client isn't allowing me to add certain hostnames to my
zone
For security reasons, MaraDNS' fetchzone client does not add records
which are not part of the zone in question. For example, if someone has
a zone for example.com, and this record in the zone:
1.1.1.10.in-addr.arpa. PTR dns.example.com.
MaraDNS will not add the record, since the record is out-of-bailiwick.
In other words, it is a host name that does not end in .example.com.
There are two workarounds for this issue:
* Create a zone file for 1.1.10.in-addr.arpa., and put the PTR records
there.
* Use rcp, rsync, or another method to copy over the zone files in
question.
20. Is MaraDNS portable?
MaraDNS is developed on a CentOS 5 and Windows XP dual boot laptop.
MaraDNS may or may not compile and run on other systems.
21. Can I use MaraDNS in Windows?
Yes. There is both a partial mingw32 (native win32 binary) port and a
full Cygwin port of MaraDNS; both of these ports are part of the native
build of MaraDNS. Deadwood has full Windows support, including the
ability to run as a service.
22. MaraDNS freezes up after being used for a while
There is a bug with the Linux kernel which causes UDP clients to freeze
unless code is written to work around the kernel bug. This workaround
was first introduced in MaraDNS 1.0.28 and 1.1.35 and accidently
disabled in 1.2.03.1.
If using your ISP's name servers or some other name servers which are
not, in fact, root name servers, please make sure that you are using
the upstream_servers dictionary variable instead of the root_servers
dictionary variable.
If you still see MaraDNS freeze up after making this correction, please
send a bug report to the mailing list.
23. What kind of Python integration does MaraDNS have
The mararc file uses the same syntax that Python uses; in fact, Python
can parse a properly formatted mararc file.
There is currently no other integration with Python.
24. Doesn't "kvar" mean "four" in Esperanto?
Indeed, it does. However the use of "kvar" in the MaraDNS source code
only coincidentally is an Esperanto word. "kvar" is short for "Kiwi
variable"; a lot of the parsing code comes from the code used in the
Kiwi spam filter project.
25. How scalable is MaraDNS?
MaraDNS is optimized for serving a small number of domains as quickly
as possible. That said, MaraDNS is remarkably efficnent for serving a
large number of domains, as long as the server MaraDNS is on has the
memory to fit all of the domains, and as long as the startup time for
loading a large number of domains can be worked around.
The "big-O" or "theta" growth rates for various MaraDNS functions are
as follows, where N is the number of authoritative host names being
served:
Startup time N
Memory usage N
Processing incoming DNS requests 1
As can be seen, MaraDNS will process 1 or 100000 domains in the same
amount of time, once the domain names are loaded in to memory.
26. I am having problems setting upstream_servers
upstream_servers is only supported by Deadwood, and is no longer
supported in MaraDNS 2.0. The upstream_servers dwood3rc variable is
set thusly:
upstream_servers["."] = "10.3.28.79, 10.2.19.83"
Note the ["."].
Note that the upstream_servers variable needs to be initialized before
being used via upstream_servers = {} (the reason for this is so that a
dwood3rc file has 100% Python-compatible syntax). A complete dwood3rc
file that uses upstream_servers may look like this:
ipv4_bind_addresses = "127.0.0.1"
chroot_dir = "/etc/maradns"
recursive_acl = "127.0.0.1/8"
upstream_servers = {}
upstream_servers["."] = "10.1.2.3, 10.2.4.6"
27. Why doesn't the MaraDNS.org web page validate?
HTML pages on the MaraDNS.org web site should validate as HTML 4.0
Transitional. However, the CSS will not validate.
I have designed MaraDNS' web page to be usable and as attractive as
possible in any major browser released in the last ten years. Cross-
browser support is more important than strict W3 validation. The reason
why the CSS does not validate is because I need a way to make sure
there is always a scrollbar on the web page, even if the content is not
big enough to merit one; this is to avoid the content jumping from page
to page. There is no standard CSS tag that lets me do this. I'm using a
non-standard tag to enable this in Gecko (Firefox's rendering engine);
this is enabled by default in Trident (Internet Explorer's rendering
engine). The standards are deficient and blind adherence to them would
result in an inferior web site.
There are also two validation warnings generated by redefinitions which
are needed as part of the CSS filters used to make the site attractive
on older browsers with limited CSS support.
On a related note, the reason why I use tables instead of CSS for some
of the layout is because Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 and other
browsers do not have support for the max-width CSS property. Without
this property, the web page will not scale down correctly without using
tables. Additionally, tables allow a reasonably attractive header in
browsers without CSS support.
28. How do MX records work?
How MX records work:
* The mail transport agent (Sendmail, Postfix, Qmail, MS Exchange,
etc.) looks up the MX record for the domain
* For each of the records returned, the MTA (mail transport agent)
looks up the IP for the names.
* It will choose, at random, any of the MXes with the lowest priority
number.
* Should that server fail, it will try another server with the same
priority number.
* Should all MX records with a given priority number fail, the MTA will
try sending email to any of the MX records with the second-lowest
priority value.
As an aside, do not have MX records point to CNAMEs.
29. Does MaraDNS have support for SPF?
SPF, or sender policy framework, is method of using DNS that makes it
more difficult to forge email. MaraDNS has full support for SPF, both
via TXT records and, starting with MaraDNS 1.2.08, via RFC4408 SPF
records.
SPF configuration is beyond the scope of MaraDNS' documentation.
However, at the time of this FAQ entry being written (June, 2006),
information and documentation concerning SPF is available at
http://openspf.org. The BIND examples will work in MaraDNS csv2 zone
files as long as the double quotes (") are replaced by single quotes
('). For example, a SPF TXT record that looks like example.net. IN TXT
"v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all" in a BIND zone file will look
like example.net. TXT 'v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all' in a
MaraDNS zone file. MaraDNS version 1.2.08 and higher can also make the
corresponding SPF record, which will have the syntax example.net. SPF
'v=spf1 +mx a:colo.example.com/28 -all'.
30. I'm having problems resolving CNAMES I have set up.
This is probably because you have set up what MaraDNS calls a dangling
CNAME record.
Let us suppose we have a CNAME record without an A record in the local
DNS server's database, such as:
google.example.com. CNAME www.google.com.
This record, which is a CNAME record for "google.example.com", points
to "www.google.com". Some DNS servers will recursively look up
www.google.com, and render the above record like this:
google.example.com. CNAME www.google.com.
www.google.com. CNAME 66.102.7.104
For security reasons, MaraDNS doesn't do this. Instead, MaraDNS will
simply output:
google.example.com. CNAME www.google.com.
Some stub resolvers will be unable to resolve google.example.com as a
consequence.
If you set up MaraDNS to resolve CNAMEs thusly, you will get a warning
in your logs about having a dangling CNAME record.
If you want to remove these warnings, add the following to your mararc
file:
no_cname_warnings = 1
Information about how to get MaraDNS to resolve dangling CNAME records
is in the tutorial file dangling.html
31. I have a NS delegation, and MaraDNS is doing strange things.
This is only an issue in MaraDNS 1.4. MaraDNS 2.0 does not allow the
same IP to both authoritatively and recursively resolve records.
32. I am transferring a zone from another server, but the NS records are
these strange "synth-ip" records.
MaraDNS expects, in csv2 zone files, for all delegation NS records to
be between the SOA record and the first non-NS record.
If a zone looks like this:
example.net. +600 soa ns1.example.net.
hostmaster@example.net 10 10800 3600 604800 1080
example.net. +600 mx 10 mail.example.net.
example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.5
example.net. +600 ns ns1.example.net.
example.net. +600 ns ns3.example.net.
mail.example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.7
www.example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.11
Then the NS records will be "synth-ip" records.
The zone should look like this:
example.net. +600 soa ns1.example.net.
hostmaster@example.net 10 10800 3600 604800 1080
example.net. +600 ns ns1.example.net.
example.net. +600 ns ns3.example.net.
example.net. +600 mx 10 mail.example.net.
example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.5
mail.example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.7
www.example.net. +600 a 10.2.3.11
This will remove the "synth-ip" records.
To automate this process, this awk script is useful:
fetchzone whatever.zone.foo 10.1.2.3 | awk '
{if($3 ~ /ns/ || $3 ~ /soa/){print}
else{a = a "\n" $0}}
END{print a}' > zonefile.csv2
Replace "whatever.zone.foo" with the name of the zone you are fetchin
10.1.2.3 with the IP address of the DNS master, and zonefile.csv2 with
the name of the zone file MaraDNS loads.
33. Where is the root.hints file?
MaraDNS (actually, Deadwood), unlike BIND, does not need a complicated
root.hints file in order to have custom root servers. In order to
change the root.hints file, add something like this to your dwood3rc
file:
root_servers["."] = "131.161.247.232,"
root_servers["."] += "208.185.249.250,"
root_servers["."] += "66.227.42.140,"
root_servers["."] += "66.227.42.149,"
root_servers["."] += "65.243.92.254"
Note that there is no "+=" in the first line, and the last line does
not have a comma at the end. Read the recursive tutorial document for
more information.
34. Are there any plans to use autoconf to build MaraDNS?
No.
In more detail, MaraDNS does not use autoconf for the following
reasons:
* Autoconf is designed to solve a problem that existed in the mid 1990s
but does not exist today: A large number of different incompatible C
compilers and libc implementations. These days, most systems are
using gcc as the compiler and some version of glibc as the libc.
There is no longer a need, for example, to figure out whether a given
implementation of getopt() allows '--' options. MaraDNS's
./configure script can be run in only a second or two; compare this
to the 3-5 minute process autoconf's ./configure needs.
* Autoconf leaves GPL-tained files in a program's build tree. MaraDNS
is licensed under a BSD license that is not GPL-compatible, so
MaraDNS can not be distributed with these GPL-licensed files.
This leads us to the next question:
35. How do I change the compiler or compile-time flags with MaraDNS' build
process?
To change the compiler used by MaraDNS:
* Run the ./configure script
* Open up the file Makefile with an editor
* Look for a line that starts with CC
* If there is no line that starts with CC, create one just before the
line that starts with FLAGS
* Change (or create) that line to look something like CC=gcc296 In this
example, the 2.96 version of gcc is used to compile MaraDNS.
* Note that it is important to not remove anything from this line you
do not understand; doing so will make MaraDNS unable to compile or
run. So, if the CC line looks like
CC=gcc $(LDFLAGS) -DNO_FLOCK and you want to compile with
gcc 2.96, change the line to look like
CC=gcc296 $(LDFLAGS) -DNO_FLOCK retaining the flags added
by the configuration script.
Changing compile-time flags is a similar process:
* Run the ./configure script
* Open up the file Makefile with an editor
* Look for a line that starts with FLAGS
* Change (or create) that line to look something like FLAGS=-O3 In this
example, MaraDNS is compiled with the -O3 option.
* Note that it is important to not remove anything from this line you
do not understand; doing so will make MaraDNS unable to compile or
run. So, if the FLAGS line looks like
FLAGS=-O2 -Wall -DSELECT_PROBLEM and you want to compile at
optimization level three, change this line to look like
FLAGS=-O2 -Wall -DSELECT_PROBLEM retaining the flags added
by the configuration script. -DSELECT_PROBLEM for example, is needed
in the Linux compile or MaraDNS will have problems with freezing up.
36. Will you make a package for the particular Linux distribution I am
using?
No.
There is, however, a CentOS 5-compatible RPM spec file in the build
directory.
37. I am using the native Windows port of MaraDNS, and some features are
not working.
Since Windows 32 does not have some features that *NIX OSes have, the
native Windows port does not have all of the features of the *NIX
version of MaraDNS. In particular, the following features are disabled:
* ipv6 (this is actually a mingw32, not a Windows deficiency)
* The chroot_dir mararc variable
* The maradns_gid and maradns_uid mararc variables
* The maxprocs mararc variable
* The synth_soa_serial variable can not have a value of 2
If any of the above features are desired, try compiling MaraDNS using
Cygwin. Note that the Cygwin port of MaraDNS does not have ipv6
support, and that while chroot_dir works in Cygwin, it does not have
the security that the *NIX chroot() call has.
38. MaraDNS isn't starting up
This is usually caused by a syntax error in one's mararc file, or by
another MaraDNS process already running. To see what is happening, look
at your system log (/var/log/messages in Centos 3) to see what errors
MaraDNS reports. If you do not know how to look at a system log, you
can also invoke MaraDNS from the command line as root; any errors will
be visible when starting MaraDNS.
39. You make a lot of releases of MaraDNS; at our ISP/IT department,
updating software is non-trivial.
The number of releases seen in the changelog is not an accurate
reflection of how often someone using a stable branch of MaraDNS will
need to update.
MaraDNS 1.2 and 1.3.07, the older stable branches of MaraDNS, were last
updated in August of 2008.
I go to a great deal of effort to make sure MaraDNS releases are as
painless to update as possible. I ensure configuration file format
compatibility, even between major versions of MaraDNS. With the
exception of configuration file parser bugfixes, MaraDNS 1.0
configuration files are compatible with MaraDNS 1.4.
It is impossible to make code that is bug-free or without security
problems. This is especially true with code that runs on the public
internet.<sup><font size=-2>1</font></sup> Code has to be updated from
time to time. What I do in order to minimize the disruption caused by
an update is to always have a stable bugfix-only branch of MaraDNS
(right now I have two bugfix-only branches), and to, as much as
possible, evenly space out the bugfix updates.
Footnote 1: Even DJB's code has security problems. Both Qmail and
DjbDNS have known security problems, and need to be patched before put
on a public internet server.
40. I have star records in my zones, and am having problems with
NXDOMAINs/IPV6 resolution
This was a bug in MaraDNS 1.2 which has long since been fixed.
41. I have a zone with only SOA/NS records, and the zone is not working.
MaraDNS 1.2 has a bug where it does not correctly process zones without
any "normal" records. For example, suppose a zone like this:
% SOA localhost. root@localhost. 1 7200 600 1209600 3600
% NS localhost.
This zone will not work until some non-SOA/NS record is added, such as
in this zone file:
% SOA localhost. root@localhost. 1 7200 600 1209600 3600
% NS localhost.
foo.% TXT 'MaraDNS 1.2 needs this record.'
This bug has been fixed in MaraDNS 1.3 and 1.4; since this is not a
security bug (there is a perfectly good workaround), this bug will not
be fixed in MaraDNS 1.2 unless you pay me to fix it.
42. I am having problems registering my domain with AFNIC (the registrar
for .fr domains)
Because of an issue with AFNIC (who, annoyingly enough, check the RA
bit when registering a domain), in order to register a domain with
AFNIC using MaraDNS as your DNS server, the following steps need to be
followed:
* MaraDNS version 1.4 or 2.0 needs to be used; if you're using an older
version of MaraDNS, upgrade.
* It is necessary to have recursion disabled, if using MaraDNS 1.4,
either by compiling MaraDNS without recursive support (./configure
--authonly ; make), or by making sure MaraDNS does not have recursion
enabled (by not having recursive_acl set in one's MaraDNS 1.4 mararc
file)
If one wishes to both register domains with AFNIC and use MaraDNS 1.4
as a recursive DNS server, it is required to have the recursive server
be a separate instance of MaraDNS on a separate IP. It is not possible
to have the same DNS server both send DNS packets in a way that both
makes AFNIC happy and allows recursive queries.
Note also: AFNIC gives warnings about reverse DNS lookups; more
information about this issue can be found in the FAQ entry about
reverse DNS mappings (question 7). In addition, AFNIC requires DNS-
over-TCP to work; information on configuring MaraDNS to have this can
be found in the DNS-over-TCP tutorial.
43. I can't see the full answers for subdomains I have delegated
To have the subdomains be visible to MaraDNS 1.4 recursive nameservers,
add the following to your mararc file:
recurse_delegation = 1
44. MaraDNS 1 has a problem resolving a domain
This issue should be fixed in MaraDNS 2.0.
Here's what happening: I have rewritten the recursive resolver for
MaraDNS. The old code was always designed to be a placeholder until I
wrote a new recursive resolver.
The new recursive resolver is called "Deadwood"; right now it's fully
functional and part of MaraDNS 2.0. More information is here:
http://maradns.blogspot.com/search/label/Deadwood
http://maradns.org/deadwood/
Since the old recursive code is a bit difficult to maintain, and since
I in the process of rewriting the recursive code, my rule is that I
will only resolve security issues with MaraDNS 1.0's recursive
resolver.
45. MaraDNS 1.2 has issues with NXDOMAINS and case sensitivity.
There is a known bug in MaraDNS 1.2.12 where, should a client ask for a
non-existent record in all caps, MaraDNS 1.2.12 will return a NXDOMAIN
instead of a "not there" reply. This can cause there to be problems
delivering email to the host in question if a mail transport agent asks
for a name in all caps.
If this is an issue for your organization, please upgrade to a newer
version of MaraDNS; MaraDNS 1.4 and 2.0 do not have this bug. If you
want to see this bug fixed in MaraDNS 1.2, please help sponsor MaraDNS.
46. Can MaraDNS offer protection from phishing and malicious sites?
Yes.
Here is a webpage that explains how its done:
http://www.malwaredomains.com/?p=288
Should that website be down, I have made a local mirror of the Perl
script here:
createmaradns-pl.txt
47. Does maradns support star (wildcard) records?
Yes.
MaraDNS supports both having stars at the beginning of records and the
end of records. For example, to have anything.example.com. have the IP
10.1.2.3, add this line to the zone file for example.com:
*.example.com. A 10.1.2.3
To have stars at the end of records, csv2_default_zonefile has to be
set. The mararc parameter bind_star_handling affects how star records
are handled. More information is in the mararc man page.
48. I'm having problems using MaraDNS with some *NIX command line
applications like telnet.
Some *NIX command line networking applications, such as telnet and ssh,
try to do either a reverse DNS lookup (IP-to-host name conversion) or
an IPv6 lookup. This slows things down and sometimes causes the
applications to not work at all.
For people who do not need IPv6 lookups, add the following line to
one's mararc file to have MaraDNS respond to all IPv6 lookups with a
bogus "not found" reply:
reject_aaaa = 1
If knowing the hostname a given IP has isn't important, these kinds of
lookups can also be disabled:
reject_ptr = 1
49. My virus scanner reports that MaraDNS or Deadwood has a virus
This can be caused either by a poorly written anti-virus program
reporting a false positive, or because a virus on your system has
infected your copy of MaraDNS/Deadwood.
Please use GPG to verify that the file which your scanner reports
having a virus in has not been altered. In addition, please scan the
file with AVG (free for non-commercial use) to verify your virus
scanner has not reported a false positive.
If you have verified the GPG signature of the program and AVG reports a
virus, please let us know on the MaraDNS mailing list. Otherwise,
please use a better virus scanner and make sure there are no viruses on
your computer.
50. I can not subscribe to the MaraDNS mailing list
The procedure for subscribing to the mailing list is as follows:
* Send an email to list-request@maradns.org with "Subscribe" as the
subject
* You will get an email from list-request@maradns.org asking you to
confirm your subscription. This can be done by replying to the
message, or, more simply, by clicking on the link in the message.
* Once you click on that link, click on the button marked "subscribe to
list list"
* You will now get a message stating 'Welcome to the "list" mailing
list'.
* This email will tell you how to post to the mailing list. I suggest
reading it.
If you get an email from list-request@maradns.org with the subject "The
results of your email commands", you did not correctly send an email to
list-request@maradns.org with the subject "Subscribe".
If you do not get the email from list-request@maradns.org asking you
for a confirmation, ensure that this email is not in your "spam" or
"junk mail" folder. If you are unable to get these emails at your email
address, please get a gmail email account, which can successfully
subscribe to the MaraDNS mailing list.
51. How does MaraDNS respond to EDNS (RFC2671) packets?
MaraDNS 1.4 responds to EDNS packets by ignoring the OPT record and
acting as if it the packet did not have an OPT record.
Deadwood (the recursive resolver for Deadwood 2.0, available in the
deadwood-#.#.## directory of any 1.4 MaraDNS release), up through
Deadwood 2.9.02 responds to EDNS packets by discarding the packet and
not responding. This was changed in Deadwood 2.9.03: Deadwood, as per
RFC2671 section 5.3, now responds to EDNS queries by replying with the
NOTIMPL ("not implemented") error code instead of answering the query.
This was changed again in Deadwood 2.9.04: Deadwood now, like MaraDNS 1
(as well as DJBdns), handles a EDNS packet as if the OPT record did not
exist.
MicroDNS (available in the tools/misc directory of any 1.4 MaraDNS
release), as of MaraDNS 1.4.05, responds to EDNS queries the same way
Deadwood 2.9.03 did: By giving back "NOTIMPL" instead of answering the
query with the default IP. NanoDNS, in the interest of minimizing code
side, responds to EDNS requests by returning NOTIMPL in the header,
giving the OPT query in the AN section of the response, and giving the
default IP in the AR section of the DNS reply packet.
52. How to I get MaraDNS to always give the same IP to all DNS queries?
There are three ways to have MaraDNS always give the same IP in reply
to any DNS query given to it:
* The best way to do this is to set up a default zonefile that causes
any and all A queries to always give the IP (and also allows all AAAA
queries to always give out the same IP6, all SPF or TXT queries to
give out the same SPF record, etc.).
* Another possibility, if someone just wants a simple DNS server that
always gives out the same IP address to any and all DNS queries, is
to use the MicroDNS program, available in tools/misc, as well as
having its own web page.
* If MicroDNS is too bloated, there is also NanoDNS, which I will
include the source code of below:
/*Placed in the public domain by Sam Trenholme*/
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#define Z struct sockaddr
#define Y sizeof(d)
int main(int a,char **b){uint32_t i;char q[512]
,p[17]="\xc0\f\0\x01\0\x01\0\0\0\0\0\x04";if(a>
1){struct sockaddr_in d;socklen_t f=511;bzero(&
d,Y);a=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0);*((uint32_t
*)(p+12))=inet_addr(b[1]);d.sin_family=AF_INET;
d.sin_port=htons(53);bind(a,(Z*)&d,Y);for(;;){i
=recvfrom(a,q,255,0,(Z*)&d,&f);if(i>9&&q[2]>=0)
{q[2]|=128;q[11]?q[3]|=4:1;q[7]++;memcpy(q+i,p,
16);sendto(a,q,i+16,0,(Z*)&d,Y);}}}return 0;}
NanoDNS takes one argument: The IP we return. This program binds to all
IP addresses a given machine has on the UDP DNS port (port 53). For
example, to make a DNS server that binds to all IPs your system has and
return the IP 10.11.12.13 to any UDP DNS queries sent to it, compile
the above C program, call it NanoDNS, and invoke it with NanoDNS
10.11.12.13 Note that NanoDNS does not daemonize, nor log anything, nor
have any other space-wasting features.
BUGS
In the unusual case of having a csv2 zone file with Macintosh-style
newlines (as opposed to DOS or UNIX newlines), while the file will
parse, any errors in the file will be reported as being on line 1.
The system startup script included with MaraDNS assumes that the only
MaraDNS processes running are started by the script; it stops all
MaraDNS processes running on the server when asked to stop MaraDNS.
MaraDNS needs to use the zoneserver program to serve DNS records over
TCP. See zoneserver(8) for usage information.
MaraDNS does not use the zone file ("master file") format specified in
chapter 5 of RFC1035; however bind2csv2.py can convert the majority of
such zone files.
MaraDNS default behavior with star records is not RFC-compliant. In
more detail, if a wildcard MX record exists in the form
"*.example.com", and there is an A record for "www.example.com", but no
MX record for "www.example.com", the correct behavior (based on RFC1034
section 4.3.3) is to return "no host" (nothing in the answer section,
SOA in the authority section, 0 result code) for a MX request to
"www.example.com". Instead, MaraDNS returns the MX record attached to
"*.example.com". This can be changed by setting bind_star_handling to
1.
Star records (what RFC1034 calls "wildcards") can not be attached to NS
records.
MaraDNS recursive resolver treats any TTL shorter than min_ttl seconds
(min_ttl_cname seconds when the record is a CNAME record) as if the TTL
in question was min_ttl (or min_ttl_cname) seconds long when
determining when to expire a record from MaraDNS' cache.
TTLs which are shorter than 20 seconds long are given a TTL of 20
seconds; TTLs which are more than 63072000 (2 years) long are given a
TTL of 2 years.
MaraDNS, like every other known DNS implementation, only supports a
QDCOUNT of 0 or 1.
UNIMPLEMENTED FEATURES
These are features which I do not plan to implement in MaraDNS.
MaraDNS does not have a disk-based caching scheme for authoritative
zones.
MaraDNS' UDP server only loads zone files while MaraDNS is first
started. UDP Zone information can only be updated by stopping MaraDNS,
and restarting MaraDNS again. Note that TCP zone files are loaded from
the filesystem at the time the client requests a zone.
MaraDNS does not have support for allowing given host names to only
resolve for a limited range of IPs querying the DNS server, or for host
names to resolve differently, depending on the IP querying the host
name.
MaraDNS only allows wildcards at the beginning or end of a host name.
E.g. names with wildcards like "foo.*.example.com". "www.*" will work,
however, if a default zonefile is set up. Likewise, MaraDNS does not
have regular expression hostname substitution.
MaraDNS does not have support for MRTG or any other SNMP-based logging
mechanism.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
AUTHORS
Sam Trenholme (http://www.samiam.org) is responsible for this man page.
MaraDNS is written by me, Sam Trenholme, with a little help from my
friends. Naturally, all errors in MaraDNS are my own (but read the
disclaimer above).
Here is a partial list of people who have provided assistance:
Floh has generously set up a FreeBSD 4, FreeBSD 6, and Mac OS X system
so that I can port MaraDNS to more platforms.
Albert Lee has provided countless bug reports, and, nicely enough,
patches to fix said bugs. He has also made improvements to the code in
the tcp "zoneserver".
Franky Van Liedekerke has provided much invaluable assistance. As just
one example, he provided invaluable assistance in getting MaraDNS to
compile on Solaris. In addition, he has provided much valuable SQA
help.
Christian Kurz, who has provided invaluable bug reports, especially
when I had to re-implement the core hashing algorithm.
Remmy, who is providing both the web space and a mailing list for
maradns.org.
Phil Homewood, who provided invaluable assistance with finding and
fixing bugs in the authoritative portion of the MaraDNS server. He
helped me plug memory leaks, find uninitialized variables being used,
and found a number of bugs I was unable to find.
Albert Prats kindly provided Spanish translations for various text
files.
Shin Zukeran provided a patch to recursive.c which properly makes a
normal null-terminated string from a js_string object, to send as an
argument to open() so we can get the rijndael key for the PRNG.
D Richard Felker III has provided invaluable bug reports. By looking at
his bug reports, I have been able to hunt down and fix many problems
that the recursive nameserver had, in addition to at least one problem
with the authoritative nameserver.
Ole Tange has also given me many valuable MaraDNS bug reports.
Florin Iucha provided a tip in the FAQ for how to compile MaraDNS on
OpenBSD.
Roy Arends (one of the BIND developers, as it turns out) found a
serious security problem with MaraDNS, where MaraDNS would answer
answers, and pointed it out to me.
Code used as the basis for the psudo-random-number generator was
written by Vincent Rijmen, Antoon Bosselaers, and Paulo Barreto. I
appreciate these programmers making the code public domain, which is
the only license under which I can add code to MaraDNS under.
Ross Johnson and others have made a Win32 port of the Pthreads library;
this has made a native win32 port of MaraDNS possible.
I also appreciate the work of Dr. Brian Gladman and Fritz Schneider,
who have both written independent implementations of AES from which I
obtained test vectors. With the help of their hard work, I was able to
discover a subtle security problem that previous releases of MaraDNS
had.
MARADNS January 2002 MARADNS(8)
