MARARC(5) MaraDNS reference MARARC(5)NAMEmararc - Format of the mararc zone file that MaraDNS uses
MARARC FILE FORMAT
Mararc files use a syntax that is a subset of Python 2.2.3 syntax. In
particular, Python 2.2.3 (and possibly other versions of Python) can
read a properly formatted mararc file without error.
Unlike Python, however, a mararc file can only use certain variable
names, and the variables can only be declared as described below.
COMMENTS
Comments (lines ignored by the MaraDNS parser) start with the '#'
character, like this:
# This is a comment
The MaraDNS parser also ignores lines which contain only white space.
OPERATORS
The MaraRC file supports two operators: = and +=
The = operator can be used to assign both numeric and string values
The += operator can only be used on string values, and concatenates the
value to the right of the += operator to the string specified to the
left of the += operator.
Examples:
ipv4_bind_addresses = "10.2.19.83"
ipv4_bind_addresses += ",10.2.66.74"
ipv4_bind_addresses += ",10.3.87.13"
ipv4_bind_addresses now has the value
"10.2.19.83,10.2.66.74,10.3.87.13"
ipv4_alias["icann"] = "198.41.0.4"
ipv4_alias["icann"] += ",192.228.79.201"
ipv4_alias["icann"] += ",192.33.4.12,128.8.10.90"
MARARC VARIABLES
Follows is a listing of variables that can be declared in the mararc
file.
DICTIONARY VARIABLE FORMAT
A dictionary variable is an array that can have multiple elements.
Unlike a traditional array, these arrays are indexed by strings instead
of numbers. These are analogous to associative arrays, or what Perl
somewhat inaccurately calls hashes.
The syntax of a dictionary variable is in the following form:
name["index"] = "value"
Where name is the name of the dictionary variable, index is the index
of the array, and value is the value stored at that index.
Every time we have a dictionary-type variable (such as csv2), we must
first initialize it using a line in the following form:
csv2 = {}
Here, csv2 is the name of the "dictionary" variable that we are
initializing.
DICTIONARY VARIABLES
Here is a listing of all "dictionary"-style variables that MaraDNS
uses:
csv2
The csv2 dictionary variable stores all of the zone names and file
names for the zone files that MaraDNS uses. Note that csv2 files are
read after MaraDNS is chrooted. Hence the filename is relative to the
chroot_dir. Example:
csv2["example.net."] = "db.example.net"
See csv2(5) for a description of this file's format.
The dictionary index (zone name) can not have a * in it. If it does,
MaraDNS will terminate with an "Illegal zone name" error.
csv1
csv1: Used to indicate the filename to use for a given zone stored in
the legacy csv1 zone file format. This is primarily for compatibility
with people who have maradns-1.0 zone files.
csv1["zone"] = "filename"
csv1: A pipe-separated-file. See csv1(5).
zone: the zone that file in question is authoritative for
filename: the file with the CSV1 zone data
Note that csv1 files are read after MaraDNS is chrooted, and, hence the
filename is relative to the chroot_dir.
See the csv1(5) man page for more information on this file format.
ipv4_alias
ipv4_alias: Used to give nicknames or aliases for ip/netmask pairs for
ipv4 (standard 32-bit) IP addresses.
ipv4_alias["name"] = "ip1/netmask,ip2/netmask,etc"
name: The name of the alias in question
ip: The ip portion of an ip/netmask pair
netmask: the mask portion of an ip/netmask pair
,: Used to separate ip/netmask pairs. Spaces may be placed before or
after this comma.
An ip is in dotted-decimal format, e.g. "10.1.2.3".
The netmask can be in one of two formats: A single number between 1 and
32, which indicates the number of leading "1" bits in the netmask, or a
4-digit dotted-decimal netmask.
The netmask is used to specify a range of IPs.
ipv4_alias examples
10.1.1.1/24 indicates that any ip from 10.1.1.0 to 10.1.1.255 will
match.
10.1.1.1/255.255.255.0 is identical to 10.1.1.1/24
10.2.3.4/16 indicates that any ip from 10.2.0.0 to 10.2.255.255 will
match.
10.2.3.4/255.255.0.0 is identical to 10.2.3.4/16
127.0.0.0/8 indicates that any ip with "127" as the first octet
(number) will match.
127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 is identical to 127.0.0.0/8
The netmask is optional, and, if not present, indicates that only a
single IP will "match". e.g:
10.9.9.9/32, 10.9.9.9/255.255.255.255, and 10.9.9.9 are all
functionally identical, and indicate that only the ip 10.9.9.9 will
match.
The significance of "match" depends on what we use the ipv4 alias for.
ipv4 aliases can nest. E.g:
ipv4_alias["susan"] = "10.6.7.8/24"
ipv4_alias["office"] = "susan,10.9.9.9"
Where "susan" in the "office" alias matches the value of the ipv4_alias
susan.
Multiple levels of nesting are allowed. Self-referring nests will
result in an error.
NORMAL VARIABLE FORMAT
Normal variables. These are variables that can only take a single
value.
The syntax of a normal variable is in the form
name = "value"
Where name is the name of the normal variable, and value is the value
of the variable in question.
NORMAL VARIABLES
Here is a listing of normal variables that MaraDNS uses:
ipv4_bind_addresses
ipv4_bind_addresses: The IP addresses to give the MaraDNS server.
This accepts one or more ipv4 IPs in dotted-decimal (e.g. "127.0.0.1")
notation, and specifies what IP addresses the MaraDNS server will
listen on. Multiple bind addresses are separated with a comma, like
this: "10.1.2.3, 10.1.2.4, 127.0.0.1"
admin_acl
This is a list of ip/netmask pairs that are allowed to get certain
administrative information about MaraDNS, including:
* The version number of MaraDNS running
* The number of threads MaraDNS has
* MaraDNS' internal timestamp value
Note that this information is not available unless the mararc variable
debug_msg_level is sufficiently high. See the information on
debug_msg_level below for details on this and on the TXT queries sent
to get the above information.
bind_address
bind_address: The IP address to give the MaraDNS server.
This accepts a single IP in dotted-decimal (e.g. "127.0.0.1") notation,
and specifies what IP address the MaraDNS server will listen on. Note
that ipv4_bind_addresses has the same functionality. This name is
included so that old MaraDNS configuration files will continue to work
with new MaraDNS releases.
bind_star_handling
In the case where there is both a star record for a given name and
recordtype, a non-star record with the same name but a different
recordtype, and no record for the given name and recordtype, MaraDNS
will usually return the star record. BIND, on the other hand, will
return a "not there" reply. In other words:
* If a non-A record for foo.example.com exists
* An A record for *.example.com exists
* No A record for foo.example.com exists
* And the user asks for the A record for foo.example.com
* MaraDNS will usually return the A record attached to *.example.com
* BIND, on the other hand, returns a "not there" for foo.example.com
If the BIND behavior is desired, set bind_star_handling to 1.
Otherwise, set this to 0. In MaraDNS 1.3, this has a default value of
1.
In addition, if there is a star record that could match any given
record type, when bind_star_handling is 1, it makes sure that MaraDNS
does not incorrectly return a NXDOMAIN (RFC 4074 section 4.2).
Also, if bind_star_handling has a value of 2, MaraDNS will handle the
following case exactly as per section 4.3.3 of RFC1034:
* If a record for foo.example.com exists
* An A record for *.example.com exists
* And the user asks for the A record for bar.foo.example.com
* MaraDNS will usually return the A record attached to *.example.com
* RFC1034 section 4.3.3 says one should return a NXDOMAIN.
MaraDNS will exit with a fatal error if bind_star_handling has any
value besides 0, 1, or 2.
chroot_dir
chroot_dir: The directory MaraDNS chroots to
This accepts a single value: The full path to the directory to use as a
chroot jail.
Note that csv1 zone files are read after the chroot operation. Hence,
the chroot jail needs to have any and all zone files that MaraDNS will
load.
csv2_default_zonefile
This is a special zone file that allows there to be stars at the end of
hostnames. This file is similar to a normal csv2 zone file, but has the
following features and limitations:
* Stars are allowed at the end of hostnames
* A SOA record is mandatory
* NS records are mandatory
* Neither CNAME, FQDN4, nor FQDN6 records are permitted in the zone
file
* Delegation NS records are not permitted in the zone file
* Default zonefiles may not be transferred via zone transfer
* Both recursion and default zonefiles may not be enabled at the same
time
csv2_synthip_list
Sometimes the IP list of nameservers will be different than the
nameservers one is bound to. This allows the synthetic nameserver list
to have different IPs.
Note that this may act in an unexpected manner if routable and non-
routable (localhost and RFC1918) addresses are combined; in particular,
a list with both routable and non-routable addresses will discard the
non-routable IP addresses, and a list with rfc1918 and localhost
addresses will discard the localhost addresses.
csv2_tilde_handling
How the csv2 zone file parser handles tildes (the ~ character) in csv2
zone files. This is a numeric record, with a possible value between 0
and 3 (four possible values). The way the csv2 parser acts at different
csv2_tilde_handling levels:
* 0) The csv2 parser behaves the same as it does in old MaraDNS
releases: The tilde has no special significance to the parser.
* 1) A tilde is not allowed anywhere in a csv2 zone file.
* 2) A tilde is only allowed between records in a csv2 zone file. If a
tilde is between the first record and the second record, a tilde is
required to be between all records. Otherwise, a tilde is not allowed
anywhere in a csv2 zone file. The first record can not be a TXT, WKS,
or LOC record.
* 3) A tilde is required to be between all records in a csv2 zone file.
The default value for csv2_tilde_handling is 2; this allows
compatibility with older zone files without tildes while allowing zone
files to be updated to use the tilde to separate resource records.
debug_msg_level
This is a number indicating what level of information about a running
MaraDNS process should be made public. When set to 0, no information
will be made public.
When set to one (the default), or higher, a Tversion.maradns. (TXT
query for "version.maradns.") query will return the version number of
MaraDNS.
When set to two or higher, a Tnumthreads.maradns. (TXT query for
"numthreads.maradns.") query will return the number of threads that
MaraDNS is currently running, and a Tcache-elements.maradns. query
will return the number of elements in MaraDNS' cache.
If MaraDNS is compiled with debugging information on, a
Tmemusage.maradns. query will return the amount of memory MaraDNS has
allocated. Note that the overhead for tracking memory usage is
considerable and that compiling MaraDNS with "make debug" will greatly
slow down MaraDNS. A debug build of MaraDNS is not recommended for
production use.
When set to three or higher, a Ttimestamp.maradns. query will return,
in seconds since the UNIX epoch, the timestamp for the system MaraDNS
is running on.
default_rrany_set
This variable used to determine what kind of resource records were
returned when an ANY query was sent. In MaraDNS, the data structures
have since been revised to return any resource record type when an ANY
query is sent; this variable does nothing, and is only here so that old
MaraDNS mararc files will continue to work. The only accepted values
for this variable were 3 and 15.
dns_port
This is the port that MaraDNS listens on. This is usually 53 (the
default value), but certain unusual MaraDNS setups (such as when
resolving dangling CNAME records on but a single IP) may need to have a
different value for this.
dos_protection_level
If this is set to a non-zero value, certain features of MaraDNS will be
disabled in order to speed up MaraDNS' response time. This is designed
for situations when a MaraDNS server is receiving a large number of
queries, such as during a denial of service attack.
This is a numeric variable; its default value is zero, indicating that
all of MaraDNS' normal features are enabled. Higher numeric values
disable more features:
* A dos_protection_level between 1 and 78 (inclusive) disables getting
MaraDNS status information remotely.
* A dos_protection_level of 8 or above disables CNAME lookups.
* A dos_protection_level or 12 or above disables delegation NS records.
* A dos_protection_level of 14 or above disables ANY record processing.
* A dos_protection_level of 18 or above disables star record processing
at the beginning of hostnames (default zonefiles still work,
however).
* A dos_protection_level of 78 disables all authoritative processing,
including default zonefiles.
The default level of dos_protection_level is 0 when there are one or
more zonefiles; 78 when there are no zone files.
ipv6_bind_address
If MaraDNS is compiled with as an authoritative server, then this
variable will tell MaraDNS which ipv6 address for the UDP server to;
for this variable to be set, MaraDNS must be bound to at least one ipv4
address.
hide_disclaimer
If this is set to "YES", MaraDNS will not display the legal disclaimer
when starting up.
long_packet_ipv4
This is a list of IPs which we will send UDP packets longer than the
512 bytes RFC1035 permits if necessary. This is designed to allow
zoneserver, when used send regular DNS packets over TCP, to receive
packets with more data than can fit in a 512-byte DNS packet.
This variable only functions if MaraDNS is compiled as an authoritative
only server.
maradns_uid
maradns_uid: The numeric UID that MaraDNS will run as
This accepts a single numerical value: The UID to run MaraDNS as.
MaraDNS, as soon as possible drops root privileges, minimizing the
damage a potential attacker can cause should there be a security
problem with MaraDNS. This is the UID maradns becomes.
The default UID is 99.
maradns_gid
maradns_gid: The numeric GID that MaraDNS will run as.
This accepts a single numerical value: The GID to run MaraDNS as.
The default GID is 99.
max_ar_chain
max_ar_chain: The maximum number of records to display if a record in
the additional section (e.g., the IP of a NS server or the ip of a MX
exchange) has more than one value.
This is similar to max_chain, but applies to records in the
"additional" (or AR) section.
Due to limitations in the internal data structures that MaraDNS uses to
store RRs, if this has a value besides one, round robin rotates of
records are disabled.
The default value for this variable is 1.
max_chain
max_chain: The maximum number of records to display in a chain of
records.
With DNS, it is possible to have more than one RR for a given domain
label. For example, "example.com" can have, as the A record, a list of
multiple ip addresses.
This sets the maximum number of records MaraDNS will show for a single
RR.
MaraDNS normally round-robin rotates records. Hence, all records for a
given DNS label (e.g. "example.com.") will be visible, although not at
the same time if there are more records than the value allowed with
max_chain
The default value for this variable is 8.
max_tcp_procs
max_tcp_procs: The (optional) maximum number of processes the zone
server is allowed to run.
Sometimes, it is desirable to have a different number of maximum
allowed tcp processes than maximum allowed threads. If this variable is
not set, the maximum number of allowed tcp processes is "maxprocs".
max_total
max_total: The maximum number of records to show total for a given DNS
request.
This is the maximum total number of records that MaraDNS will make
available in a DNS reply.
The default value for this variable is 20.
max_mem
max_mem is the maximum amount of memory we allow MaraDNS to allocate,
in bytes.
The default value of this is to allocate 1 megabyte for MaraDNS'
general use, and in addition, to allocate 1536 bytes for each element
we can have in the cache or DNS record that we are authoritatively
serving.
min_visible_ttl
min_visible_ttl: The minimum value that we will will show as the TTL
(time to live) value for a resource record to other DNS servers and
stub resolvers. In other words, this is the minimum value we will ask
other DNS server to cache (keep in their memory) a DNS resource record.
The value is in seconds. The default value for this is 30; the minimum
value this can have is 5.
As an aside, RFC1123 section 6.1.2.1 implies that zero-length TTL
records should be passed on with a TTL of zero. This, unfortunately,
breaks some stub resolvers (such as Mozilla's stub resolver).
remote_admin
remote_admin: Whether we allow verbose_level to be changed after
MaraDNS is started.
If remote_admin is set to 1, and admin_acl is set, any and all IPs
listed in admin_acl will be able to reset the value of verbose_level
from any value between 0 and 9 via a TXT query in the form of
5.verbose_level.maradns. What this will do is set verbose_query to the
value in the first digit of the query.
This is useful when wishing to temporarily increase the verbose_level
to find out why a given host name is not resolving, then decreasing
verbose_level so as to minimize the size of MaraDNS' log.
synth_soa_origin
When a CSV2 zone file doesn't have a SOA record in it, MaraDNS
generates a SOA record on the fly. This variable determines the host
name for the "SOA origin" (which is called the MNAME in RFC1035); this
is the host name of the DNS server which has the "master copy" of a
given DNS zone's file.
This host name is in human-readable format without a trailing dot,
e.g.:
synth_soa_origin = "ns1.example.com"
If this is not set, a synthetic SOA record will use the name of the
zone for the SOA origin (MNAME) field.
synth_soa_serial
This determines whether we strictly follow RFC1912 section 2.2 with SOA
serial numbers. If this is set to 1 (the default value), we do not
strictly follow RFC1912 section 2.2 (the serial is a number, based on
the timestamp of the zone file, that is updated every six seconds), but
this makes it so that a serial number is guaranteed to be automatically
updated every time one edits a zone file.
If this is set to 2, the SOA serial number will be in YYYYMMDDHH
format, where YYYY is the 4-digit year, MM is the 2-digit month, DD is
the 2-digit day, and HH is the 2-digit hour of the time the zone file
was last updated (GMT; localtime doesn't work in a chroot()
environment). While this format is strictly RFC1912 compliant, the
disadvantage is that more than one edit to a zone file in an hour will
not update the serial number.
I strongly recommend, unless it is extremely important to have a DNS
zone that generates no warnings when tested at dnsreport.com, to have
this set to 1 (the default value). Having this set to 2 can result in
updated zone files not being seen by slave DNS servers.
Note that synth_soa_serial can only have a value of 1 on the native
Windows port.
tcp_convert_acl
This only applies to the zoneserver (general DNS-over-TCP) program.
This is a list of IPs which are allowed to connect to the zoneserver
and send normal TCP DNS requests. The zoneserver will convert TCP DNS
requests in to UDP DNS requests, and send the UDP request in question
to the server specified in tcp_convert_server. Once it gets a reply
from the UDP DNS server, it will convert the reply in to a TCP request
and send the reply back to the original TCP client.
Whether the RD (recursion desired) flag is set or not when converting a
TCP DNS request in to a UDP DNS request is determined by whether the
TCP client is on the recursive_acl list. Since MaraDNS 2.0 does not
have recursion, the maradns daemon ignores the RD bit (Deadwood will
not process any queries without the RD bit set).
tcp_convert_server
This only applies to the zoneserver (general DNS-over-TCP) program.
This is the UDP server which we send a query to when converting DNS TCP
queries in to DNS UDP servers. Note that, while this value allows
multiple IPs, all values except the first one are presently ignored.
timestamp_type
timestamp_type: The type of timestamp to display. The main purpose of
this option is to suppress the output of timestamps. Since duende uses
syslog() to output data, and since syslog() adds its own timestamp,
this option should be set to 5 when maradns is invoked with the duende
tool.
This option also allows people who do not use the duende tool to view
human-readable timestamps. This option only allows timestamps in GMT,
due to issues with showing local times in a chroot() environment.
This can have the following values:
0 The string "Timestamp" followed by a UNIX timestamp
1 Just the bare UNIX timestamp
2 A GMT timestamp in the Spanish language
3 A (hopefully) local timestamp in the Spanish language
4 A timestamp using asctime(gmtime()); usually in the English
language
5 No timestamp whatsoever is shown (this is the best option when
maradns is invoked with the duende tool).
6 ISO GMT timestamp is shown
7 ISO local timestamp is shown
The default value for this variable is 5.
verbose_level
verbose_level: The number of messages we log to stdout
This can have five values:
0 No messages except for the legal disclaimer and fatal parsing
errors
1 Only startup messages logged (Default level)
2 Error queries logged
3 All queries logged
4 All actions adding and removing records from the cache logged
The default value for this variable is 1.
zone_transfer_acl
zone_transfer_acl: List of ips allowed to perform zone transfers with
the zone server
The format of this string is identical to the format of an ipv4_alias
entry.
EXAMPLE MARARC FILE
# Example mararc file (unabridged version)
# The various zones we support
# We must initialize the csv2 hash, or MaraDNS will be unable to
# load any csv2 zone files
csv2 = {}
# This is just to show the format of the file
#csv2["example.com."] = "db.example.com"
# The address this DNS server runs on. If you want to bind
# to multiple addresses, separate them with a comma like this:
# "10.1.2.3,10.1.2.4,127.0.0.1"
ipv4_bind_addresses = "127.0.0.1"
# The directory with all of the zone files
chroot_dir = "/etc/maradns"
# The numeric UID MaraDNS will run as
maradns_uid = 99
# The (optional) numeric GID MaraDNS will run as
# maradns_gid = 99
# Normally, MaraDNS has some MaraDNS-specific features, such as DDIP
# synthesizing, a special DNS query ("erre-con-erre-cigarro.maradns.org."
# with a TXT query returns the version of MaraDNS that a server is
# running), unique handling of multiple QDCOUNTs, etc. Some people
# might not like these features, so I have added a switch that lets
# a sys admin disable all these features. Just give "no_fingerprint"
# a value of one here, and MaraDNS should be more or less
# indistinguishable from a tinydns server.
no_fingerprint = 0
# These constants limit the number of records we will display, in order
# to help keep packets 512 bytes or smaller. This, combined with round_robin
# record rotation, help to use DNS as a crude load-balancer.
# The maximum number of records to display in a chain of records (list
# of records) for a given host name
max_chain = 8
# The maximum number of records to display in a list of records in the
# additional section of a query. If this is any value besides one,
# round robin rotation is disabled (due to limitations in the current
# data structure MaraDNS uses)
max_ar_chain = 1
# The maximum number of records to show total for a given question
max_total = 20
# The number of messages we log to stdout
# 0: No messages except for fatal parsing errors and the legal disclaimer
# 1: Only startup messages logged (default)
# 2: Error queries logged
# 3: All queries logged (but not very verbosely right now)
verbose_level = 1
# Here is a ACL which restricts who is allowed to perform zone transfer from
# the zoneserver program
# Simplest form: 10.1.1.1/24 (IP: 10.1.1.1, 24 left bits in IP need to match)
# and 10.100.100.100/255.255.255.224 (IP: 10.100.100.100, netmask
# 255.255.255.224) are allowed to connect to the zone server
# NOTE: The "maradns" program does not serve zones. Zones are served
# by the "zoneserver" program.
#zone_transfer_acl = "10.1.1.1/24, 10.100.100.100/255.255.255.224"
BUGS
If one should declare the same the same index twice with a dictionary
variable, MaraDNS will exit with a fatal error. This is because earlier
versions of MaraDNS acted in a different manner than Python 2.3.3. With
Python 2.3.3, the last declaration is used, while MaraDNS used to use
the first declaration.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
MARADNS January 2002 MARARC(5)
